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Application Guide

Valves for Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS)

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) plants handle CO₂ in multiple phases and conditions — lean and rich amine solvent at absorber and stripper (corrosive, 40–130°C), CO₂ gas at various pressures up to compressor outlet (150 bar), and supercritical CO₂ for pipeline transport and geological storage (> 73 bar). CO₂ with water forms carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) which attacks carbon steel; with H₂S it creates sour service requiring NACE MR0175 compliance. Vajra Industrial Solutions supplies the complete valve package for post-combustion capture, pre-combustion (IGCC), and direct air capture (DAC) applications.

NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 (sour CO₂)ASME B16.34API 6DAPI 607 (Fire-Safe)ISO 15848-1 (Fugitive Emissions)API 598ISO 21013 (CO₂ Safety)
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Recommended Valve Types for Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS)

Globe Valve (Amine Service)

Class 150 / 300

Why: Lean/rich amine absorber and stripper — hot amine (MEA/MDEA) is corrosive; SS316L with Stellite trim for erosion control

Materials: A351 CF3M (SS316L cast) body; Stellite 6 seat and plug; PTFE packing

Standards: API 623, BS 1873, ASME B16.34

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Ball Valve (Supercritical CO₂)

Class 600 / 900

Why: CO₂ compressor outlet and injection well isolation — supercritical CO₂ (> 73 bar) is an excellent solvent; seals must be CO₂-compatible

Materials: A890 Duplex 2205 or SS316L; PTFE seats; special CO₂-resistant elastomers (EPDM or HNBR rated for supercritical CO₂)

Standards: API 6D, API 607, ISO 15848-1

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Gate Valve (CO₂ Pipeline)

Class 300 / 600 / 900

Why: CO₂ trunk pipeline isolation — API 6D full-bore gate valves; same specification as natural gas pipelines but with CO₂-compatible seals

Materials: A216 WCB with SS316 trim (dry CO₂); A182 F316L for wet CO₂ + H₂S service

Standards: API 6D, API 600, ASME B16.34

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Check Valve (CO₂ Compressor)

Class 300 / 600

Why: CO₂ compressor inter-stage and discharge back-flow prevention

Materials: A351 CF8M SS316; PTFE seat; SS316 spring

Standards: API 594, API 6D, ASME B16.34

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Critical Requirements

Wet CO₂ (CO₂ + H₂O) forms carbonic acid — attacks carbon steel at ppm level; SS316L mandatory for any wet CO₂ stream
Sour CO₂ (CO₂ + H₂S) — NACE MR0175 compliance required if H₂S partial pressure exceeds 0.0003 MPa threshold
Supercritical CO₂ seal compatibility — standard NBR/EPDM can swell and extrude in supercritical CO₂; only EPDM or HNBR grades specifically rated for CO₂ service
ISO 15848-1 fugitive emissions Class B or better — CCS projects have regulatory pressure to demonstrate zero leakage
Amine service valves — methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and monoethanolamine (MEA) attack zinc and copper alloys; SS316L or WCB/SS316 trim only
Fire-safe API 607 for all CO₂ compressor and injection valve service — CO₂ does not burn, but co-firing with H₂S is a fire hazard in sour CCS

Fluid & Service Challenges

⚠Lean amine (MEA 30% or MDEA 40-50% + H₂O, 40–50°C) — mildly corrosive; SS316L preferred
⚠Rich amine (amine loaded with CO₂, 50–120°C) — more corrosive due to amine degradation products; Stellite trim for erosion at control valves
⚠Wet CO₂ gas (saturated with water) — carbonic acid H₂CO₃ at 3.5–4.5 pH; carbon steel unusable
⚠Supercritical CO₂ (> 73 bar, > 31°C) — dense, non-Newtonian fluid; excellent solvent for lubricants and elastomers; special seal selection required
⚠CO₂ + H₂S (sour CCS from natural gas or coal) — combined carbonic and sulfuric acid attack; NACE MR0175 Duplex 2205 or SS316L

Material Selection Guidance

Absorber/stripper amine service: SS316L (CF3M cast or F316L forged) — amine degrades zinc, copper, and carbon steel. Dry CO₂ (confirmed <50 ppm H₂O): carbon steel WCB acceptable. Wet CO₂: SS316L minimum. Supercritical CO₂: SS316L or Duplex 2205 with EPDM or HNBR CO₂-rated seals. Sour CO₂ (H₂S present): NACE MR0175 Duplex 2205 (HRC ≤ 22).

Typical Service Points

CO₂ absorber and stripper — lean/rich amine isolation and control (SS316L globe and gate valves)
CO₂ compressor inter-stage separators — SS316L gate and check valves
CO₂ compressor outlet — supercritical CO₂ at 100–150 bar (Class 900 Duplex or SS316L ball valves)
CO₂ trunk pipeline — full-bore API 6D gate valves (Class 600–900)
CO₂ injection wellhead — Class 900–2500 forged SS316L or Duplex 2205 (with H₂S if present)
CO₂ geological storage monitoring — SS316L needle valves and manifold assemblies

FAQ — Valve Selection for Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS)

Can carbon steel valves be used in CO₂ service?
Dry CO₂ (water content below 50 ppm) does not corrode carbon steel — dried CO₂ from industrial sources is used in carbon steel pipelines. However, wet CO₂ (water-saturated gas or any liquid CO₂ + water) forms carbonic acid (pH ≈ 3.7 at 1 bar CO₂ partial pressure), which corrodes carbon steel rapidly (>10 mm/year in worst cases). Therefore: dry CO₂ pipeline and injection service — carbon steel A216 WCB acceptable with SS316 trim. Wet CO₂ anywhere in the process — SS316L mandatory. When in doubt, specify SS316L — the cost premium is small versus the corrosion risk.
What is the difference between CCS and carbon capture for enhanced oil recovery (CO₂-EOR)?
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) injects CO₂ into saline aquifers or depleted reservoirs for permanent geological storage. CO₂-EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) injects CO₂ into producing oil reservoirs to mobilise residual oil — the CO₂ is partially recycled from produced gas. Valve specifications are similar: both require Class 900–2500 forged SS316L or Duplex 2205 for injection service. CO₂-EOR streams have higher impurity (H₂S, hydrocarbons) requiring NACE MR0175. Pure CCS streams from power plant flue gas typically contain only CO₂ + traces of SO₂ and NOₓ — simpler chemistry, SS316L usually sufficient.

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Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS)

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Key Standards

NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 (sour CO₂)
ASME B16.34
API 6D
API 607 (Fire-Safe)
ISO 15848-1 (Fugitive Emissions)
API 598
ISO 21013 (CO₂ Safety)

Products for This Application

Ball ValvesGate ValvesGlobe ValvesCheck Valves

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